Papiloma Conjuntival: revisión bibliográfica / Conjunctival Papilloma: a literature review

Objetivo: El objetivo de la realización del presente artículo de revisión bibliográfica es analizar las características del Papiloma conjuntival como: el pronóstico, prevalencia, relación con el VPH, diagnóstico, tratamiento e importancia que representa la presencia del mismo. Métodos: El siguiente artículo se realizó mediante la búsqueda de artículos científicos en español e inglés, mismos que fueron obtenidos a través de base de datos como Scopus, PubMed y Google Academic. Se hizo usó de la plataforma virtual de la biblioteca católica de Cuenca utilizando comandos de búsqueda avanzada (""), AND, OR. Finalmente se incluyeron 15 artículos dentro de la revisión bibliográfica. Para el trabajo conjunto de los colaboradores se hizo uso de la plataforma Google Drive. Resultados: Papiloma conjuntival es un tumor de células escamosas benigno de la conjuntiva con una tendencia mínima a la malignidad. Estos tumores están relacionados con el VPH específicamente los tipos VI y XI. Para obtener un diagnóstico es importante realizar una anamnesis y un examen oftalmológico exhaustivo, una biopsia posterior a la extirpación de la lesión, la tomografía de coherencia óptica de alta definición (HR-OCT), y la biomicroscopia ultrasónica (UBM). El MSP, ha elaborado una iniciativa denominada "Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones (PAI)", mismo que consiste en el proceso de vacunación de la población femenina de 9, 10 y 11 años pertenecientes a escuelas públicas y privadas. Conclusiones: Es importante que las instituciones educativas fomenten más la salud ocular porque al momento de que existe un contagio de VPH hay riesgo de tener papiloma conjuntival y las personas desconocen este medio de transmisión. Además, se debe promover la vacunación en niños porque cualquier género es propenso a adquirir el VPH

Objective: The aim of this literature review article is to analyze the characteristics of: conjunctival papilloma such as prognosis, prevalence, relationship with HPV, diagnosis, treatment and importance of its presence. Methods: The following article was carried out by searching scientific articles in Spanish and English, which were obtained through databases such as Scopus, PubMed and Google Academic. We used the virtual platform of the Catholic Library of Cuenca using advanced search commands (""), AND, OR. Finally, 15 articles were included in the biliographic review. For the joint work of the collaborators, use was made of the Google Drive platform. Results: Conjunctival papilloma is a benign squamous cell tumor of the conjunctiva with a minimal tendency to malignancy. These tumors are related to HPV specifically types VI and XI. To obtain a diagnosis it is important to perform a thorough anamnesis and ophthalmologic examination, a biopsy after removal of the lesion, high-definition optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT), and ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM). The MSP has developed an initiative called "Expanded Program of Immunizations (PAI)", same that consists of the vaccination process of the female population of 9, 10 and 11 years old belonging to public and private schools. Conclusions: It is important that educational institutions promote more eye health because when there is an HPV infection there is a risk of having conjunctival papilloma and people are unaware of this means of transmission. In addition, vaccination should be promoted in children because any gender is prone to acquire HPV.

Tumor de Buschke ­ Löwenstein: Presentación de un Caso y Revisión Bibliográfica / Buschke ­ Löwenstein Tumor: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Introducción: El tumor de Buschke ­ Lowenstein (TBL) es enfermedad de transmisión sexual causada por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH), descrita como una forma intermedia entre un condiloma acuminado y un carcinoma de células escamosas. Afecta principalmente al área genital y anorrectal, posee capacidad de transformación maligna y una alta tasa de recurrencia. La cirugía es el tratamiento de primera línea. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 27 años con lesiones verrucosas de crecimiento progresivo en el área inguinal y genital. Mediante la correlación clínico-patológica se llegó al diagnóstico de TBL. Tras discusión en comité multidisciplinario se declaró irresecable y se resolvió tratamiento con radioterapia, además vacunación terapéutica contra el VPH, tanto sistémica como intralesional. Conclusión: El TBL es localmente agresivo y de difícil tratamiento, por lo que la prevención contra el VPH es fundamental. La vacunación terapéutica en conjunto con la radioterapia ofreció mejoría clínica.

Introduction: Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (BLT) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), described as an intermediate form between condyloma acuminata and squamous cell carcinoma. It mainly affects the genital and anorectal areas and has the capacity for malignant transformation and a high recurrence rate. Surgery is the first-line treatment. Clinical case: We present the case of a 27-year-old male patient with warty lesions of progressive growth in the inguinal and genital areas. Through the clinical-pathological correlation, the diagnosis of BLT was reached. After discussion in a multidisciplinary committee, it was declared unresectable, and treatment with radiotherapy was resolved, in addition to therapeutic vaccination against HPV, both systemic and intralesional. Conclusion: BLT is locally aggressive and challenging to treat, so prevention against HPV is essential. Therapeutic vaccination in conjunction with radiotherapy offered clinical improvement.

The Preparation and standardization of Human papillomavirus (HPV) (Genotype 6) Nosode

Introduction The Homeopathic nosodes are the preparations sourced from organisms or diseased materials such as warty growths or cancerous tissues. The nosodes such as Psorinum (1826-30), Tuberculinum (1879), Medorrhinum (1880-85), Syphillinum (1880) and others have been in use in homeopathic practice since the early 19th century. In the recent years, certain new nosodes such as HIV nosode, Hepatitis C nosode, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis nosode, Plasmodia Falciparum Nosode, Swine Flu and more have been systematically introduced. Materials and methods The scrapping and the tissues from the genital warts clusters were collected carefully and were tested for the evaluation of STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) panel and HPV-DNA-PCR for screening high risk type followed by genotype determination. The collected tissue sample was processed as per the procedure defined developing the Nosodes, in the Homeopathy Pharmacopoeia of India. Sterility testing and PCR tests were carried out for safety purposes. Result Human papillomavirus (HPV Genotype 6) Nosode sourced from the genital wart tissues; detected positive for Human papillomavirus genotype 6 was prepared and standardized for future research and clinical exploration. Discussion and conclusion The HPV (Genotype 6) nosode contained the whole organisms in pure form. The therapeutic potential of HPV (Genotype 6) Nosode may be explored against viral warts affecting the genitals, anus, mouth, and respiratory tract as well as other relevant clinical conditions.

Estrategias lúdicas para aumentar el conocimiento de un grupo de adolescentes sobre el virus del papiloma humano / Playful strategies to increase knowledge about the human papillomavirus in a group of adolescents

El objetivo fue formular y desarrollar un conjunto de estrategias lúdicas para aumentar el conocimiento sobre el Virus del Papiloma Humano y la vacuna en un grupo de adolescentes escolarizados en un corregimiento de Pereira, Colombia. Se utilizó metodología cualitativa con método acción-participación. Se involucraron 17 estudiantes. Como técnicas de investigación se usaron grupos focales y talleres pedagógicos; los discursos de los adolescentes fueron grabados y transcritos. Para el análisis de datos se realizó identificación de unidades de sentido, codificación y categorización. Al inicio del proyecto, los adolescentes tenían poco conocimiento sobre el Virus del Papiloma Humano, las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en general y sus manifestaciones clínicas; pero al finalizar el proceso tenían claridad sobre los órganos implicados, factores protectores, la vacuna como método preventivo y la relación del virus con el cáncer. Los adolescentes relacionaron la falta de uso del preservativo y el tener múltiples parejas sexuales como factores de riesgo para adquirir una enfermedad de transmisión sexual, especialmente el Virus del Papiloma Humano. Las estrategias lúdicas permitieron a los adolescentes generar nuevo conocimiento por medio de un proceso de interiorización, reflexión y compresión sobre el virus y la vacuna.

The purpose of this research was to formulate and develop playful strategies to increase the level of knowledge about the Human Papillomavirus and the vaccine in a group of schooled adolescents who live in a village in Pereira, Colombia. A qualitative methodology with Action-Participation method was used. They were 17 students involved. Focus groups and pedagogical workshops were used as research techniques; adolescents' speeches were recorded and transcribed. In order to analyze the data, an identification of units of meaning, coding and categorization was carried out. At the beginning of the project the adolescents had poor knowledge about the Human Papillomavirus and the sexually transmitted diseases, on top of this they were unaware of their clinical manifestations; nevertheless, at the end of the process they had clarity about the organs involved, protective factors, the vaccine as a preventive method and the relation between the virus and cancer. The adolescents identified the lack of condom use and multiple partners as risk factors for acquiring a sexually transmitted disease, especially the Human Papilloma Virus. The playful strategies allowed the adolescents to generate new knowledge through a process of internalization, reflection and understanding about the virus and the vaccine.

Eficacia de la vacuna nonavalente en la prevención de la infección por Virus Papiloma Humano (HPV) y cáncer cervical / Efficacy of the nonavalent vaccine for the prevention of infection by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervix cancer

Introducción: La infección por HPV es una de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual más frecuentes, con un grado de asociación con el cáncer de cérvix importante, por lo cual se hace necesario tomar en cuenta medidas sanitarias profilácticas. La vacuna nonavalente se presenta como una medida preventiva óptima, brindando protección frente a nueve genotipos virales. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia y seguridad de la vacuna nonavalente para la prevención de las infecciones por HPV y cáncer de cérvix en comparación con las vacunas bivalente y tetravalente. Método: A través de una revisión bibliográfica, la búsqueda abarcó artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años. Resultados y discusión: Existen genotipos de "alto riesgo" responsables del 90 % de los casos, y los de "bajo riesgo" responsables del 10 % restante, la vacuna bivalente presenta en mujeres de 15 a 25 años tasas de seroconversión del 100 % tras la inmunización con tres dosis. La vacuna tetravalente presenta en mujeres de 16 a 26 años tasas de seroconversión del 99 - 100%. La vacuna nonavalente tiene el potencial de prevenir aproximadamente el 90 % de casos de cáncer de cérvix, vulvar, vaginal y anal, más aproximadamente el 20 % de los casos de cáncer de cérvix asociado a los cinco genotipos adicionales. Conclusiones: La vacuna nonavalente brinda una protección adicional frente a la infección por HPV y el desarrollo de cáncer de cérvix, que no se obtiene con las vacunas tetravalente recombinante y bivalente.

Background: HPV infection is one of the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases and it is associated with several types of genital cancer including cervical cancer, for this reason it is necessary to undertake prophylactic health measures. The nonavalent vaccine is considered an optimal preventive measure that provides protection against nine viral genotypes of HPV. Objective: To determinate the effectiveness and safety of the nonavalent vaccine for the prevention of HPV infections and cervical cancer, in comparison with the use of bivalent and tetravalent vaccines. Methodology: Through a literature review, the search covered articles published in the last 5 years. Results and discusión: There are genotypes of "high risk" responsible for 90 % of cases, and of "low risk" responsible for the remaining 10 %, the bivalent vaccine produces in women from 15 to 25 years seroconversion rates of 100 % after vaccination with three doses. The tetravalent vaccine presents seroconversion rates of 99 - 100 % in women aged 16 to 26 years. The nonavalent vaccine has the potential to prevent approximately 90% of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer and approximately 20 % of cervical cancer cases associated with the five additional genotypes. Conclusions: The nonavalent vaccine provides additional protection against HPV infection and prevents the development of cervical cancer incomparison with the recombinant quadrivalent and bivalent vaccines.

Comparison of PANA RealTyper HPV Kit with AdvanSure HPV GenoBlot Assay for Human Papillomavirus Genotyping / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: The PANA RealTyper HPV kit (PANAGENE, Korea; PANA RealTyper) was developed to genotype human papillomavirus (HPV) and was based on multiplex real-time PCR amplification and melting curve analysis. In this study, we compared PANA RealTyper to the AdvanSure HPV GenoBlot assay (LG Life Sciences, Korea; AdvanSure assay) and attempted to evaluate the performance of PANA RealTyper. METHODS: A total of 60 cervical specimens were collected from women undergoing routine cervical cancer screening. The AdvanSure assay and PANA RealTyper kit identified the same 20 high-risk genotypes. However, the AdvanSure assay identified 15 low-risk genotypes, while the PANA RealTyper kit identified only 2 but detected 18 low-risk genotypes. RESULTS: Among the total 60 specimens, 54 high-risk genotypes (40 specimens) and 20 low-risk genotypes (18 specimens) were detected. The agreement rates of the assays ranged from 94.4 to 100% for high-risk genotypes. Among 9 genotypes that were positive in the PANA RealTyper kit but negative in the AdvanSure assay, 7 were confirmed as true positive (HPV genotypes 16 (n=1), 39 (n=1), 52 (n=1), 58 (n=2), 68 (n=2)). Among 4 genotypes that were negative in the PANA RealTyper kit but positive in the AdvanSure assay, 3 were confirmed as HPV genotype 59. Among the 19 low-risk genotypes positive in the AdvanSure assay, there were 2 cases of HPV 6 and 1 case of HPV 11. In comparison, only 1 positive case of HPV 6 was determined by the PANA RealTyper kit. CONCLUSION: The PANA RealTyper kit was comparable with the AdvanSure assay. The PANA RealTyper kit would be useful and suitable for HPV genotyping in the clinical laboratory.

Modernas metodologías diagnosticas para la detección del Virus del Papiloma Humano y prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino / Modern diagnostic methods for detection of Human Papillomavirus and cervical cancer prevention

RESUMEN Los Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) presentes en mucosa clasificados como de "alto riesgo" son agentes etiológicos de patologías oncológicas como cáncer de cuello uterino, ano, pene, vulva y cáncer orofaríngeo. Actualmente el principal método de tamizaje utilizado en Colombia para detección de cáncer de cuello uterino es la citología cervical, presentando una moderada cobertura en la población femenina y una sensibilidad cercana al 50%. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las técnicas modernas utilizadas para la detección del VPH y prevención de los cánceres producidos por estos virus. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de literatura de las ultimas metodologías diagnosticas en la infección viral por VPH y marcadores de malignidad en muestras cervicales. La citología cervical es un recurso altamente específico y de bajo costo, pero poco sensible para la detección y prevención de cáncer de cuello uterino, que puede ser complementado con las tecnologías modernas revisadas con el objetivo de obtener un diagnóstico temprano del VPH como agente etiológico de estas enfermedades malignas.

ABSTRACT Human Papilloma Viruses (HPVs) types present in mucosa and classified as "high risk" are etiologic agents of several oncological diseases as cervical cancer, anus, penis, vulva, and oropharyngeal cancer. Currently the principal method of screening used in Colombia for detecting cervical cancer is cervical cytology, which presents a moderate coverage in the population and sensitivity close to 50%. The objetive of this work is to describe new techniques for detection of Human Papillomavirus and cancer prevention for these viruses. We carried out a literature review of the cutting edge diagnostic methods for HPV viral infection. Cervical cytology is a highly specific resource, low-cost but low sensitivity for preventing cervical cancer, which can be supplemented with the modern technologies checked in order to obtain an early diagnosis of HPV as an etiologic agent of those malignancies.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice on human papillomavirus vaccination among obstetrics and gynecology residents in Metro Manila / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

BACKGROUND: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been known to be an important factor in the development of cervical cancer. In 2006, two vaccines were made available in the Philippines, one covering two subtypes (HPV 16 and 18) and the other covers four subtypes (HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18) of the virus.OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the current knowledge, attitude, and practices of obstetrics and gynecology residents from both government and private sector regarding HPV vaccination as well as determine barriers to vaccination. It also aimed to determine if there is any disparity between the private and government setting, and between residency year levels which may create a discrepancy in the vaccination coverage of their patients.METHODS: Data will be collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The survey to be used in this study was adapted from the form used in a similar study done in Hong-Kong. The questionnaire will consist of five sections: 1) items regarding the respondents' demographics (age; sex; institution type; residency training year level; number of patients seen in a typical week; number of patients seen in a week aged 10-17, 18-26, and 27-45; number of pap smears performed in a typical week), 2) Knowledge on human papillomavirus infection, 3) Attitude towards HPV vaccine, 4) HPV vaccination practice, and 5) Perceived barriers in HPV vaccination.RESULTS: This study found that the knowledge of residents about human papilloma virus was generally poor to fair with no significant difference between the knowledge of residents from government institutions compared to those from the private sector. Majority of the residents believe that the vaccine should be administered to 10-17 years old, prior to sexual debut and exposure to the human papilloma virus but were not able to prescribe vaccination for this age group. The perceived barriers of residents in prescribing and vaccinating their patients differ between age groups. For 10-17 years old, parental refusal for vaccinating their children is due to the notion that in doing so, their child is being singled out as being at risk for sexually transmitted diseases. For patients 18-26 years old, residents believe that their reluctance to discuss and talk about issues of sexuality are likely to hinder them from getting vaccinated. For the 27-45-year-old age group, the residents believe that the patient's belief that they do not have HPV infection is likely to hinder them being vaccinated.CONCLUSION: Proper education and good communication skills among residents and patients should be developed to properly employ and promote vaccination.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice on human papillomavirus vaccination among obstetrics and gynecology residents in Metro Manila / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

BACKGROUND: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been known to be an important factor in the development of cervical cancer. In 2006, two vaccines were made available in the Philippines, one covering two subtypes (HPV 16 and 18) and the other covers four subtypes (HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18) of the virus. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the current knowledge, attitude, and practices of obstetrics and gynecology residents from both government and private sector regarding HPV vaccination as well as determine barriers to vaccination. It also aimed to determine if there is any disparity between the private and government setting, and between residency year levels which may create a discrepancy in the vaccination coverage of their patients. METHODS: Data will be collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The survey to be used in this study was adapted from the form used in a similar study done in Hong-Kong. The questionnaire will consist of five sections: 1) items regarding the respondents' demographics (age; sex; institution type; residency training year level; number of patients seen in a typical week; number of patients seen in a week aged 10-17, 18-26, and 27-45; number of pap smears performed in a typical week), 2) Knowledge on human papillomavirus infection, 3) Attitude towards HPV vaccine, 4) HPV vaccination practice, and 5) Perceived barriers in HPV vaccination. RESULTS: This study found that the knowledge of residents about human papilloma virus was generally poor to fair with no significant difference between the knowledge of residents from government institutions compared to those from the private sector. Majority of the residents believe that the vaccine should be administered to 10-17 years old, prior to sexual debut and exposure to the human papilloma virus but were not able to prescribe vaccination for this age group. The perceived barriers of residents in prescribing and vaccinating their patients differ between age groups. For 10-17 years old, parental refusal for vaccinating their children is due to the notion that in doing so, their child is being singled out as being at risk for sexually transmitted diseases. For patients 18-26 years old, residents believe that their reluctance to discuss and talk about issues of sexuality are likely to hinder them from getting vaccinated. For the 27-45-year-old age group, the residents believe that the patient's belief that they do not have HPV infection is likely to hinder them being vaccinated. CONCLUSION: Proper education and good communication skills among residents and patients should be developed to properly employ and promote vaccination.

Detection of human papillomavirus in dental biofilm and the uterine cervix of a pregnant adolescent / Detecção do papilomavírus humano em biofilme dental e no colo uterino de uma adolescente grávida

CONTEXT: Adolescence and pregnancy are considered to be risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The relationship between this infection in the uterine cervix and oral HPV infection is controversial. CASE REPORT: This report describes a case of a pregnant 16-year-old adolescent who presented HPV infection in the uterine cervix and the mouth. Smears were collected from the cervix and the tongue/palate. Dental biofilm samples were also collected. The microarray technique was used to detect HPV. The HPV 56 subtype was observed in the cervical smear and HPV 6 in dental biofilm. CONCLUSION: In this pregnant adolescent, HPV infection was present in both the cervix and the mouth, but the HPV subtypes infecting these two areas were different.

CONTEXTO: A adolescência e a gestação são consideradas fatores de risco para a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV). A relação entre essa infecção no colo do útero e na boca num mesmo paciente é controversa. RELATO DE CASO: Descrever o caso de uma adolescente grávida de 16 anos que apresentou a infecção pelo HPV no colo do útero e na boca. Esfregaços foram realizados no colo do útero e em língua/palato. Amostras de biofilme dental também foram coletadas. Para detectar o HPV, foi utilizada a técnica do microarranjo. O HPV 56 foi o subtipo encontrado no esfregaço cervical e o tipo HPV 6 no biofilme dental. CONCLUSÕES: Observamos, nessa adolescente grávida, a presença do HPV na boca e no colo do útero, mas os subtipos virais que infectavam essas duas regiões eram distintos.

Multiple Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with High-Risk Infection in Male Genital Warts in Ulsan, Korea

Further understanding of male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary to prevent infection in men, as well as transmission to women. In our current study, we investigated patterns of HPV infection and genotype distributions in male genital warts using the Anyplex II HPV28 Detection kit. We reviewed the medical records of 80 male patients who presented to 5 neighborhood clinics in Ulsan, Korea, for the treatment of genital warts between April 2014 and January 2015. All patients underwent HPV genotyping. The prevalence and characteristics of HPV infection were analyzed, and the patterns of HPV infection according to age were assessed. Among the study patients, 13 (16.3%) were negative for HPV infection, 46 (57.3%) were infected with low-risk HPV, and 21 (26.3%) were infected with high-risk HPV. Patients with multiple HPV infection were more likely to have high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.001). The prevalence of HPV infection was much higher in samples obtained by tissue excision due to a definite lesion (P = 0.001). There were no differences in high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.459), multiple HPV infection (P = 0.185), and recurrence at diagnosis (P = 0.178) according to age. HPV-6 and HPV-11 were the most common type overall (39.7% and 13.8%, respectively). HPV-16 and HPV-18 were the most common high-risk infections (both 3.4%). HPV infection is not only commonly encountered in male genital warts, but is also accompanied by high-risk HPV and multiple infections.

Immunohistochemistry and Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection Human Papilloma Virus in Warts: A Comparative Study

BACKGROUND: Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the most widely used methods for the detection of viruses. PCR is known to be a more sensitive and specific method than the immunohistochemical method at this time, but PCR has the disadvantages of high cost and skilled work to use widely. With the progress of technology, the immunohistochemical methods used in these days has come to be highly sensitive and actively used in the diagnostic fields. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the usefulness of immunohistochemistry and PCR for detection human papilloma virus (HPV) in wart lesions. METHODS: Nine biopsy samples of verruca vulgaris and 10 of condyloma accuminatum were examined. Immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibody to HPV L1 capsid protein and PCR were done for the samples. DNA sequencing of the PCR products and HPV genotyping were also done. RESULTS: HPV detection rate was 78.9% (88.9% in verruca vulgaris, 70.0% in condyloma accuminatum) on immunohistochemistry and 100.0% for PCR. HPV-6 genotype showed a lower positivity rate on immunohistochemistry (50.0%) as compared to that of the other HPV genotypes. CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemistry for HPV L1 capsid protein showed comparable sensitivity for detection HPV. Considering the high cost and great effort needed for the PCR methods, we can use immunohistochemistry for HPV L1 capsid protein with the advantage of lower cost and simple methods for HPV detection.

Asociación entre presencia del virus del papiloma humano y hallazgos anatomo-patológicos / Association between the presence of human papilloma virus and pathological findings

OBJETIVO: Determinar por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa la presencia del virus del papiloma humano en pacientes femeninas, quienes acudieron a un tamizaje de lesiones en cuello uterino en la red ambulatoria del Municipio Francisco Linares Alcántara (Edo. Aragua) y asociar la presencia de virus del papiloma humano con hallazgos anatomo-patológicos. MÉTODOS: Luego de obtener el consentimiento informado se tomó una muestra de hisopado vaginal a 301 pacientes, a quienes se les realizó citología y colposcopia. Se aisló ADN para la genotipificación mediante ensayos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa acoplados a digestión con enzimas de restricción. Se efectuaron pruebas estadísticas para analizar la relación entre la presencia de virus del papiloma humano y las variables: edad, inicio de relaciones sexuales, número de parejas sexuales y hallazgos citológicos y colposcópicos. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 43 muestras positivas para virus del papiloma humano 17 fueron 16 (39,53.%), 3 virus del papiloma humano 18 (6,98 %), 1 virus del papiloma humano 33 (2,33 %), 14 muestras presentaron coinfección (32,56 %) y en 8 muestras (18,60 %) no ocurrió digestión con las enzimas utilizadas. Existen relaciones estadísticas significativas entre la presencia de virus del papiloma humano y las variables analizadas. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de genotipos de alto riesgo en el 48,84 % de las pacientes con virus del papiloma humano, es una situación preocupante, dada la vinculación de dichos genotipos al desarrollo de cáncer de cuello uterino

OBJECTIVE: To determine by Polymerase Chain Reaction the presence of the human papillomavirus in female patients attending a screening for lesions of uterine neck in the outpatient network of Francisco Linares Alcantara Municipality and to relate the results to anatomopathological findings. METHODS: After obtaining informed consent from patients, samples of vaginal swabs were taken from 301 women that were used for cytology and colposcopy studies. Also, DNAs were isolated and they were used for Polymerase Chain Reaction test coupled to restriction enzyme digestion. Statistical tests were performed to analyze the relationship between the human papillomavirus positivity and the variables: stratus age, the onset of sexual activity, number of sexual couple, cytology and colposcopy findings. RESULTS: Out of 43 human papillomavirus positive samples, 17 (39.53 %) were genotype 16, 3 (6.98 %) genotype 18 and 1 (12.33.%) genotype 33; 14 (32.56 %) samples showed coinfection and 8 (18.60 %), samples were not digested with the restriction enzymes used. The relationship between the presence of human papillomavirus and the others studied variables (stratus age, the onset of sexual activity, number of sexual couple and cytological results) was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of human papillomavirus genotypes, of so-called high risk in the 48.84 % of the women with a positive HPV test is a particular concern, because they are associated with the development of cervical cancer.

Treatment of recurrent laryngeal papilloma by submucosal resection and the effect on prognosis / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy of submucosal resection by CO2 laser in the treatment of recurrent laryngeal papilloma and the effect on prognosis.@*METHOD@#A total of 11 patients diagnosed as recurrent laryngeal papilloma were included in this review. Papilloma was marked before operation and checked under fibro-laryngoscope. Papilloma was resected completely including the submucosal tissure with CO2 laser or microequipment. In widespread papilloma, false membrane in raw surface were cleared 7-10 days after operation. Surgical specimens (including membrane) were detected by routine pathology, HPV typing and immunohistochemical pathologic examination. The patients were checked once a month in the first 3 months after operation, and then once for every 3 months. Once the hoarseness and other symptoms aggravated or the disease was recurrent, the patients were treated immediately.@*RESULT@#HPV viral DNA was found in 10/11 cases, with HPV11 (7/11 cases) and HPV6 (3/11 cases). Cases with regards to follow-up, from 6 months to 1 year, 3 cases were followed up 1 year after operation, without recurrence. Five patients including 2 children were followed up 6 to 12 months after operation, without recurrence. Two children underwent 2 or 3 operations, were followed-up more than 6 months withouting recurrence.@*CONCLUSION@#Papilloma submucosal resection could decrease postoperative recurrence and is worth to be further investigated.

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Genotype Distribution among HIV-Infected Women in Korea

The epidemiology on human papillomavirus (HPV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in Korea is not well established. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection among HIV-infected women in Korea. HPV DNA genotype and cervical cytology were examined in 60 HIV-positive women and 1,938 HIV-negative women. HPV genotypes were analyzed by using a HPV DNA chip. HIV-infected women had higher prevalence of high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) infection (30% vs 4.9%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.63-13.34, P<0.001) and abnormal cervical cytology (18.3% vs 1.8%, AOR, 10.94; 95% CI, 5.18-23.1, P<0.001) compared with controls. The most common hr-HPV genotype detected in HIV-infected women was HPV 16 (10%), followed by 18 (6.7%) and 52 (5%). Prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-preventable types (HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18) was 21.7% and 2.3% in HIV-positive women and HIV-negative women, respectively. Age was a significant risk factor for hr-HPV infection in HIV-infected women (P=0.039). The presence of hr-HPV was significantly associated with abnormal cervical cytology (P<0.001). These findings suggest that HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in HIV-infected women would be necessary, particularly among young age group.

Papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente y el rol de la vacunación antiVPH / Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and the role of HPV vaccination

La papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente es una enfermedad infrecuente de la vía aereodigestiva, que afecta a niños y adultos, causada por el virus papiloma humano subtipos 6 y 11. La enfermedad tiene un curso impredecible y ha sido reportada la extensión pulmonar y la transformación maligna. Actualmente todos los tratamientos disponibles, tanto médicos como quirúrgicos, son sólo paliativos, enfocados a mantener una vía aérea adecuada y una calidad de voz aceptable. Se han desarrollado dos vacunas contra el virus papiloma humano con el fin de prevenir el cáncer cervicouterino causado por éste. Una de estas vacunas también incluye los subtipos asociados a la papilomatosis, por lo que la vacunación masiva podría disminuir drásticamente la incidencia de la enfermedad.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a rare disease of the aerodigestive tract that affects children and adults, caused by the human papiloma virus subtypes 6 and 11. The disease has a unpredictable course and pulmonary spread and malignant transformation have been reported. All the medical and surgical treatments available are only palliative and are focused on keeping a adequate airway and an acceptable voice quality. Two vaccines have been developed against the human papilloma virus for the prevention of cervical cancer. One of these vaccines also includes the subtypes associated with papillomatosis so widespread vaccination could drastically diminish the incidence of the disease.

The different experession of human papilloma viral types 6 and 11 in Uyghur and Chinese juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a large pediatric population in Xinjiang / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the Human papilloma viral types 6 and 11 in a large pediatric population in XinJiang and the different expression in chinese and uyghur pediatric population.@*METHOD@#Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we analyzed paraffin embedded tissue in 42 cases of juvenile Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (JRRP)and determined the HPV types 6 and 11, and to correlate these results with retrospectively analysis about those cases who were consecutively treated in our ENT department, meanwhile we carry out a critical review of the literature of JRRP.@*RESULT@#A total HPV infection positive rate was 97.61% (41/42), and HPV11 positive rate was 63.41% (41/26), HPV6 positive rate was 36.58% (41/15). In uyghur patient HPV11 positive rate was 65.38% (17/26), HPV6 positive rate was53. 33% (8/15). in Chince patient HPV11 positive rate was 34.61% (9/26), HPV6 positive rate was 46.67% (7/15).@*CONCLUSION@#Juvenile laryngeal papilloma is associated with HPV11, HPV6 infection and we considered that HPV11 infection may be the important guideline of the evaluation of disease prognosis. but no statistical signtificance was determined in the patients of various ethnic groups in Xin jiang (P > 0.05).

Buschke-lowenstein tumor in a 45-year old male: A case report

Buschke-Lowenstein tumor(BLT) is a rare sexually transmitted disease triggered by human papillomavirus type 6 or 11. It presents as an anogenital exophytic tumor characterized by its size, local infiltration, high recurrence rate and risk of malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. A 45-year-old heterosexual male presented with a 22-year history of slow-growing, multiple, dark brown, verrucous, exophytic nodules and plaques over the trunk, extremities, inguinal and gluteal areas. Two years prior to consult, there was coalescence of lower abdominal plaques with rapid growth of a pinkish cauliflower-like tumor. Pelvic MRI showed that the tumor was limited to the skin. Biopsy of the lower abdominal mass was consistent with BLT and positive for HPV DNA. There was no internal organ involvement or metastasis. Pulsed dye and erbium:YAG lasers were done on the gluteal area test sites followed by wide excision and split-thickness skin graft of the lower abdominal and pubic area.

Prevalence and Seroprevalence of Low-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Korean Women

Little is known about the prevalence and seroprevalence of low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and the risk factors for HPV infection in Korean women. We determined the prevalence of low-risk HPV among 902 women aged 20-59 yr and the seroprevalence of low-risk HPV subtypes 6 and 11 among 1,094 women aged 9-59 yr in the general population. Genital low-risk HPV DNA was assessed by liquid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Antibody titers against HPV 6 and 11 were measured by a multiplexed competitive luminex technique. The prevalence of genital low-risk HPV was 4.9%. It reached its highest peak of 10.3% at 20-29 yr of age and a second peak of 3.2% at 50-59 yr of age. The seroprevalence of HPV 6 or 11 was 9.4%. It reached its highest peak of 12.7% at 25-29 yr of age and a second peak of 12.3% at 50-59 yr of age. In multivariable analysis, the number of lifetime sexual partners and past history of sexually transmitted diseases were associated with the seroprevalence but not prevalence of HPV. It is suggested that younger women should receive prophylactic HPV vaccination before they become sexually active and exposed to HPV in their 20s. This study provides baseline data for developing HPV vaccination programs and monitoring vaccine efficacy in Korea.